Kennel cough in dogs - symptoms, transmission and treatment

Kennel cough (also known as canine infectious tracheobronchitis) is a contagious respiratory infection in dogs that is similar to the common cold in humans. It spreads easily between dogs, particularly in places where many dogs gather, such as dog parks, shows and boarding kennels. In this article, we cover the symptoms of kennel cough, how it spreads, home care and prevention.

What is kennel cough?

Kennel cough is a general term for respiratory infections caused by pathogens including the Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterium and various viruses, such as the parainfluenza virus. The infection causes irritation of the respiratory tract and severe coughing.

The respiratory tract consists of the upper respiratory tract (the nasal cavity and sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea) and the lower respiratory tract (the lungs and bronchi). The mucous membranes of a healthy dog's respiratory tract produce mucus that helps moisturise and clean the airways. The pathogens that cause kennel cough damage the surface tissue of the respiratory mucosa, resulting in irritation of the airways.

Symptoms of kennel cough

The most typical symptom of kennel cough is a dry, harsh cough that may sound like a goose honk. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include:

• Dry, hacking cough

• Coughing, especially after exercise

• Retching up mucus or foam

• Discharge from the eyes and nose

• Mild fever

• Tiredness and loss of appetite

The cough can last for up to three weeks, and although most dogs recover on their own, a veterinarian should be consulted if the dog belongs to a high-risk group.

Kennel cough or nasal mites?

Kennel cough and nasal mite infestations can cause similar symptoms, such as nasal discharge and coughing. However, nasal mites primarily cause sneezing and nasal itching rather than a dry cough.

How does kennel cough spread?

Kennel cough spreads through respiratory droplets and secretions. It can spread directly from one dog to another or indirectly through contaminated equipment or people's hands, for example.

• Can kennel cough spread to humans? No, kennel cough does not normally infect healthy people, but immunocompromised individuals may be susceptible to infections caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica.

• Can kennel cough spread to cats? Rarely, but it is possible, as Bordetella bronchiseptica can also cause respiratory infections in cats.

• Can kennel cough spread via humans? Yes, owners can carry pathogens from one dog to another on their clothing or hands, for example.

Duration of kennel cough and quarantine

• How long is kennel cough contagious? A dog should avoid contact with other dogs for at least two weeks after the symptoms have resolved.

• What is the waiting period after kennel cough? According to the Finnish Kennel Club's guidelines, a dog may participate in events only after being symptom-free for two weeks.

• Does a dog with kennel cough need to be quarantined? A symptomatic dog should be isolated from other dogs, and even asymptomatic dogs in the same household may spread the infection.

Home care for kennel cough and when to see a veterinarian

In otherwise healthy dogs, kennel cough often resolves on its own with rest. At home, you can help your dog recover as quickly as possible by:

• letting your dog rest and avoiding strenuous exercise

• providing plenty of fresh water

• humidifying the indoor air (e.g. with a humidifier)

• avoiding using a collar to prevent further irritation of the airways

Contact a veterinarian if:

• Your dog belongs to a high-risk group (puppy, senior dog or dog with an underlying health condition)

• Symptoms persist for more than three weeks

• Your dog has a high fever, is very lethargic or refuses to eat

Diagnosing kennel cough at the veterinarian

Diagnosis is primarily based on the medical history provided by the owner and a general physical examination performed by the veterinarian.

At the beginning of the appointment, the veterinarian will ask the owner about the pet's condition while observing the dog from a distance. In addition to the dog's general condition, particular attention is paid to its breathing. The veterinarian will also check for any discharge from the eyes and nose and auscultate, or carefully listen to, the dog's lungs. The veterinarian may also try to trigger a cough by gently palpating the dog's trachea.

Based on the medical history and general examination, the veterinarian will assess whether further diagnostic tests, such as blood tests, are needed. Identifying the exact pathogen is rarely necessary in an individual dog showing symptoms.

After the examination, the veterinarian will create a treatment plan for the dog. Kennel cough usually resolves on its own with rest within approximately two weeks of the onset of symptoms. If the dog's general condition deteriorates, supportive care such as fluid therapy or medication may be needed in addition to rest.

Preventing kennel cough and vaccination

A vaccine against kennel cough is available. The kennel cough vaccine does not provide complete protection against infection, but it can reduce the severity of symptoms and help limit the spread of the disease. If necessary, a puppy can be vaccinated from three weeks of age, but the vaccine is normally given at 12 weeks of age together with the puppy's first vaccinations.

• Kennel cough vaccine cost: The price varies between veterinary clinics but is typically around €50-70.

• How long does the kennel cough vaccine last? Protection from the vaccine lasts for approximately one year.

• How often should the kennel cough vaccine be renewed? Annual vaccination is recommended for dogs in high-risk groups and dogs that regularly participate in indoor activities with other dogs.

Summary

Kennel cough is a common and contagious respiratory infection in dogs that can be prevented through vaccination and good hygiene practices. In most cases, the infection resolves with rest, but veterinary care should be sought in more severe cases.