Epilepsy in dogs

Epilepsy in dogs is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures. It is one of the most common neurological conditions in dogs and can affect any breed or age. This overview explains what epilepsy is, its causes, symptoms, and how the disease is treated.

What is epilepsy in dogs?

Epilepsy is a condition that causes repeated seizures, often without an obvious underlying cause. When no structural or metabolic reason can be identified, the condition is classified as idiopathic epilepsy. However, possible underlying causes may include brain inflammation, brain tumors, poisoning, or metabolic diseases.

What type of dogs are prone to be affected?

Epilepsy can occur in dogs of all ages, but symptoms most often begin between 1 and 5 years of age. In older dogs, seizures are rarely idiopathic and may indicate other health issues. The disease can also be hereditary, making it unsuitable to breed dogs with epilepsy.

What does an epileptic seizure look like?

Seizures are often preceded by an "aura," a period during which the dog may show signs of anxiety, seek comfort, or whine. The seizure itself may involve the dog stiffening, collapsing, and losing consciousness. Common symptoms include:

• Stiffness and uncontrollable leg movements

• Drooling, chewing motions, and involuntary urination or defecation

• Confusion and restlessness after the seizure, lasting from minutes to several days

A seizure typically lasts 1–5 minutes. If it continues longer, immediate veterinary care is needed to prevent permanent damage.

Treatment of epilepsy in dogs

Epilepsy is usually managed with lifelong medication aimed at preventing seizures. Medications may be used alone or in combination, depending on the dog's specific needs. It can take time to find the right treatment, and some dogs may never have full seizure control despite medication.

• Medication Regimen: Medications must be administered at fixed times according to the veterinarian’s instructions. A stable blood concentration of the medication is typically achieved within two weeks. During this period, the dog may still experience seizures and appear tired.

• Blood Tests and Monitoring: Regular blood tests are necessary to monitor drug levels and liver function. Follow-up usually occurs one month after starting treatment and then annually, or more frequently if needed.

• Medication Changes: Changes in medication should always be made in consultation with a veterinarian. Treatment should never be stopped abruptly, as this can trigger seizures.

External factors that affect epilepsy

Stress, changes in the environment, and hormonal fluctuations—such as heat cycles—can increase seizure frequency. To reduce the risk of seizures, it's important to:

• Minimize stress by maintaining a calm and stable daily environment

• Avoid sudden changes in routines or surroundings

• Consult your veterinarian if hormonal factors like heat cycles influence the condition

Summary

Epilepsy in dogs is a complex condition that requires careful management and monitoring. By following your veterinarian’s advice, administering medications as prescribed, and reducing stress, you can help your dog live a safe and as symptom-free life as possible.