A Veterinarian answers: Pet allergies
Pet allergies have become increasingly common in recent years and many owners wonder what causes their pet’s itching, skin symptoms or digestive issues. Although allergies are often associated with food, symptoms can also be caused by other factors such as environmental triggers, skin diseases or parasites. Identifying allergies and finding the right treatment often requires careful investigation as well as an understanding of how different allergies present themselves. In this article, a veterinarian answers the most common questions about pet allergies, their symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
Is itching usually a sign of an allergy in pets?
Itching is not necessarily a sign of an allergy, as it may also be caused by other factors such as external parasites or skin irritation resulting from dry skin. Behaviors interpreted as itching, such as licking paws, may also be caused by pain that the pet is trying to relieve through licking. In more extreme cases, certain neurological symptoms may sometimes be mistaken for itching. It is therefore always important to investigate the causes of recurring and persistent symptoms.
What other symptoms can allergies cause besides itching?
In addition to itchy skin, common allergy symptoms include ear infections and skin infections caused by scratching and licking. The eyes may also water and the skin around the eyes can become irritated due to rubbing. Food allergies may also cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as loose stools and diarrhea.
Are allergies always related to the pet’s food?
Allergies are not necessarily related to the food a pet eats. Another common allergic skin condition is atopy, in which the skin’s protective barrier is weakened and reacts to environmental allergens such as pollen. Atopy is a particularly complex condition and in some cases pets may experience both food allergies and atopy at the same time.
What in food causes allergies?
Classic allergies are linked to proteins or protein-carbohydrate compounds (glycoproteins) found in food. Proteins are present in both animal-based and plant-based ingredients. When a pet consumes a protein to which it has become sensitized, the immune system triggers an antibody reaction that causes the typical allergy symptoms. The most common food allergens are generally ingredients that are widely used in pet foods, meaning those to which pets are most commonly exposed.
Should certain ingredients be avoided just in case?
There is no need to avoid any food ingredient as a precaution. As animals are exposed to various proteins through their diet, some individuals may, for one reason or another, begin developing antibodies against certain proteins and develop allergies. Although allergic diseases are considered to have a hereditary component, no pet is allergic to a particular ingredient simply because of its breed.
Is grain-free food a better option for allergic pets?
There is no need to avoid grains unless the animal has been diagnosed with an allergy to a specific grain. For example, wheat was previously considered a common allergen because it used to be widely used in pet foods, but grains themselves are not known to possess any properties that make them particularly allergenic.
Does ingredient processing affect whether it causes allergies?
There is evidence that processing ingredients can alter proteins in ways that affect their allergenicity. For example, there may be differences in allergenic potential between raw and cooked ingredients. Purification processes can also significantly affect whether an ingredient causes allergies. Plant-based ingredients, for example, can be refined so that only starch is used in food production, leaving out allergenic proteins entirely.
If my pet is allergic to fish and chicken, can it eat food containing fish oil or chicken fat?
Oils and fats are usually purified so thoroughly that they no longer contain allergenic proteins. However, manufacturing processes may vary between producers, so it is advisable to confirm this with the food manufacturer if necessary. If the pet’s allergic reactions are generally mild, foods containing these oils or fats can also be introduced cautiously.
How are allergies diagnosed?
A pet’s symptoms are first assessed through a thorough interview and basic examination. If necessary, samples from the skin and coat may be taken to rule out external parasites or diagnose other skin conditions. When allergies are suspected, an elimination diet is typically started to identify possible food allergies and, when possible, distinguish food allergy symptoms from conditions such as atopy. There are limited allergy tests available specifically for pets, but these may be used in planning further treatments, such as immunotherapy for atopic pets.
How are allergies treated?
There is no cure for allergies. Symptoms can be managed with various anti-inflammatory and anti-itch medications, as well as topical treatments such as soothing shampoos and sprays or solutions that support the skin’s microbial balance and hydration. A proper diet also supports skin regeneration, moisture balance, and the skin’s protective functions. Immunotherapy may help reduce symptoms in atopic pets. Food allergy symptoms are most simply managed by avoiding ingredients that trigger allergic reactions. Unfortunately, treatment is often not that straightforward and even pets with food allergies may require additional supportive therapies.
Summary
There can be many underlying causes of pet allergies and the source of symptoms cannot always be identified quickly. The most important factors in finding the correct diagnosis and treatment are comprehensive investigation and long-term monitoring of the pet’s symptoms. Although allergies cannot be permanently cured, the right diet, skin care and medications can often effectively control symptoms and significantly improve a pet’s quality of life. If a pet experiences recurring itching, skin problems or gastrointestinal symptoms, it is advisable to consult a veterinarian as early as possible.
